Understanding Down Syndrome: Cognitive and Social Characteristics

What causes Down syndrome?

Down syndrome is a common genetic condition that occurs when a child has an extra copy of chromosome.

Chromosomes are structures inside every human cell that contain DNA. These tiny structures that children inherit from their parents play a key role in determining how a baby develops, for instance, whether they will be tall or short, have dark or light skin, or curly or straight hair.

Down syndrome can affect children physically, cognitively, and behaviorally. Every child with the condition is unique and may possess the following characteristics to different degrees, or not at all.

Children with Down syndrome have some of the following physical features:

• Eyes that slant upward, from inner corner to outer corner
• Small ears that may fold over slightly at the top
• A smaller-than-average mouth, and larger appearing tongue
• A smaller-than-average nose, with a flattened nasal bridge
• Short, stocky arms and legs
• A wide space between the big toe and second toe
• Short necks and small hands with short fingers
• One single crease that goes straight across the palm, and a second crease that curves down by the thumb, rather than three creases in the palm of the hand
• Shorter-than-average height
• Low muscle tone (hypotonia) throughout the body and excessively loose joints

Psychosocial & Cognitive Development of Those with Down Syndrome

“Sophia’s Masterpiece: Artist with Downs Syndrome in High Demand”

Cognitive Characteristics

People with Down syndrome experience mild to moderate intellectual disability. While cognitive development is slower compared to peers, individuals with Down syndrome can learn and acquire skills, though it often takes more time and support. Here are a few key cognitive features:

1. Delayed Development: Intellectual milestones, such as walking, talking, and problem-solving, are typically delayed. For example, many children with Down syndrome may start talking later than their peers.
2. Learning Style: Children with Down syndrome tend to be visual learners. They often respond well to visual aids like pictures, charts, and hands-on activities.
3. Memory: Short-term memory can be a challenge. Retaining new information, especially abstract concepts, may be harder.
4. Speech and Language: While language development is typically delayed, many individuals with Down syndrome develop strong language skills over time.

People with Down syndrome often display strong social connections and emotional understanding. Their ability to form relationships and engage with others is a major strength, though challenges in social understanding can still occur:

1. Emotional Expression: Individuals with Down syndrome are often more expressive than their peers.
2. Social Cues and Behavior: Though emotionally open, understanding social cues—like tone of voice or body language—can be a challenge.
3. Friendships: With support, individuals with Down syndrome can form meaningful and lasting friendships. They may be more likely to interact with others in a warm, sincere way, though some may need help navigating complex social situations or handling conflicts in relationships.
4. Behavioral Traits: Some people with Down syndrome experience behaviors associated with impulse control issues, such as acting out or having difficulty managing frustration. Positive reinforcement, clear routines, and behavior therapy can help with managing these traits.